Just Garden

A minimum of effort has gone into growing things which are not of any immediate value (how much rosemary can you actually use?), but which nonetheless have a purpose.  If every element should have at least two functions, then the decorative gardens have at least four: erosion control, supression of grass, attracting pollinating insects, and looking good.  Yes, why not?  I would never put effort and resources into something that just looks good, but aesthetics do count.  These plants also have the great advantage, unlike most edible plants, of not being palatable to sheep and goats.  Many are there already, such as Cistus albidus and Arbutus unedo, and it's just a case of encouraging seedlings by weeding around them and maybe a little mulching.  Others, like Lavandula dentata and Hypericum balearicum, are native (H. balearicum is endemic) but do not grow naturally on-site.

Most of these I've propagated from cuttings, a few I've bought from garden centres.  Some, like the lavendars, I trim to get them to grow dense and in the process produce some cut and drop mulch.  Here are a few pics of the outside the fence garden in February.

Chasmanthe, which forms large corms and dies down completely int the summer.  Helps control the spread of grass.

Santolina, lavendar and Artemesia.  All are mediterranean natives and of course tolerant of summer drought.

In the foreground, the amazing giant bulb Urginia maritima which dies down in summer, also helping to control grass.  In the dryness of late summer it sends up a great spike of white flowers.  When I started "gardening" here I did not realise it was present because it was all hidden by a tangle of grass.  Since clearing some of the grass it has thrived.  The clump of grass in the background is Ampelodesmus mauretanicus, which is ubiquitous in this part of Mallorca.  It is traditionally used for basket work and improvised bedding if you sleep rough.

Winter 2012-13

Another tree-planting push, this time almost all figs.  Fortunately several of the places were prepared last year, so didn't have to dig all of them.  Mostly they went in along a rocky ridge, using natural pockets in the rock, building mini-terraces where necessary.  The hard part was protecting them against sheep - proved very necessary last summer.  In most places there was not enough depth of soil to simply drive the stakes into the gound, so I ended up with some rather crazy staying, using lengths of wire attached to rocks, pine trees or anything else reasonably solid.

Also put in a couple more oranges: a canoneta, originally from Soller, and a de la sang (blood orange), plus another hass avocado to replace one that died.  The blood orange is supposed to be a Balearic variety but, according to the label, this one comes from Sicily.  I'm having another go with that cyprus-lined lower terrace, and will try to give the trees extra food and water and just see what happens.  I suspect that my problem with citrus there might have something to do with not watering frequently enough, not feeding enough, and sheep attack.  I hope they are now properly protected against the latter.

The veg garden was this autumn was an interesting experiment in just leaving it, as I was away for most of October and the whole of November.  Rainfall was good; frequent but not torrential, and temperatures mild. In December I still had cherry tomatoes and chillies, nice fat leeks, salads and lots of bok choi.  The bok choi is amazing.  Some was planted where it gets no more than an hour and a half of sun, and it still grew back from cutting to a re-cuttable size in five weeks.  Admittedly the temperatures continued to be higher than average right through December, but I was really surprised at the growth rate given the lack of sun.  Havas also coming along nicely, seeded before departure in October and left to their own devices.

The amazing bok choi

As mentioned in the previous post, the veg garden, which is usually the scene of rather more activity, was pretty much left alone this winter.  Star of the show really has to be the bok choi; I had not realised just how much of this vegetable you can get from just one sowing.  The trick is to cut it off above the main growing point, about 5cm above the ground.  If you cut lower, it will grow multiple heads instead of one new head.  In this case it was sown in September, first cut five to six weeks later, then again in December.  To my amazement, despite being in a spot where it received barely a couple of hours direct sun at that time, it grew again in a few weeks.  A third cut in January was just as tasty as the first two.  Then, on a brief visit in February it was all flowering: lovely, tender, broccoli-like flower heads.  The stems have a rather fibrous skin, but once is removed, it is similar to stem lettuce or water chestnut.  So, four harvests from one lot of plants.

In this particular instance, I think the success is due to giving the plants a nitrogen-rich feed after each cut, repeated after heavy rains may have leached out the nitrogen.  The fertiliser in question involves zero carbon footprint, minimal effort and is sterile: human urine, diluted about 1:5 in a watering can.  Application about 1 litre (urine) per square metre.  I follow it with some plain water, but don't know if this is necessary.  I always made sure that the soil was already moist, as a potential disadvantage of urine is that it contains some salt.  It has to be less than 24 hours old, otherwise it acquires an unpeasant ammonia smell.  I never noticed any odour after using urine, either on plants or on the compost heap (it acts as a compost accelerator).

I must confess that the variety in question here is mei qing, which is an F1.  Another F1, joi choi, was far less successful and anyway less tasty (I think this one does better if it's really cold).  For this year I have a couple of open-pollinated varieties to try, bought from the Real Seed Company.  If you're curious about what to do with bok choi in the kitchen, I'll be posting some recipes on the companion blog over the next day or so.

Oxalis pes-caprae: friend or foe?

I knew that this plant, known as vinagrella in Mallorquin, was not a native but an introduction from South Africa, but I did not realise that in California and Australia it is regarded as one of the most invasive and problematic weeds.  I was also labouring under the illusion that it was a nitrogen-fixing legume, which it is not.  In Majorca it is often seen forming a dense covering under citrus trees, and seems to be encouraged by autumn ploughing.  It grows on my lowest terrace, and appears wherever the ground has been disturbed, particularly in the damper, shadier spots.

It is regarded by some as a good thing in orchards, presumably because it competes with invasive grasses.  Now that I realise it's not a legume, clover would be preferable, but probably very difficult to establish once Oxalis is there.  According to this paper,  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802929/ , based on  field research in Menorca, Oxalis pes-caprae can increase the availability of phosphorous, which certainly sounds like a good thing.  It also appears to be a poor competitor of rye grass.  So, in the case of my land, these are the conclusions:

1. I probably can't get rid of it from where it is already established, except by solarising or sheet mulching,  so just accept it where it is growing for the moment.

2. Don't encourage it to spread to other areas, rather work on establishment of leguminous ground covers such as Medicago truncatula (already present in places) and white clover.

3. Don't do autumn ploughing.  Actually, I don't do any ploughing anyway and don't intend to.

The Long, Hot Summer of Sheep

Not my sheep.  I didn't know whose, but I learned a thing of two about these beasts over the course of the summer.  First, they are not as stupid as they appear.  When it comes to getting at lush, green vegetation while all around is dry, they are pretty determined and resourceful.  Second, they are prepared to take reckless leaps down vertical drops of up to four metres to grab a meal of bean plants and citrus leaves.  And third, once they know where to come, they are very difficult to keep away.

So it went all summer; periodic stripping of the vegetable garden and trees, hasty erecting of fences, dawn vigils to chase off the intruders, lightning raids from unexpected quarters.  And, ahhh, a fatally injured young sheep.  Souvlaki, shwarma, curry, and meat to share around.

The odd thing was, no-one appeared to know who they belonged to.  On one occasion I managed to get them penned up - all except the ram that is - and called the policia local.  They said they'd call the appropriate department and call me back.  They didn't, and meanwhile the flock escaped to join the ram, who was happily browsing my peach trees.  Incidentally I learned that this can be quite a dangerous animal; the origin of the verb to ram something.  Not one to turn your back on in this vertical terrain.  Eventually they did enough damage to the garden of some better connected neighbours that the owner was identified and the animals securely fenced in.

The upshot is that I got a good fence round the core area of pip and stone fruit, citrus and veg garden.  I didn't actually lose any trees, though the growth of some was set back a bit.  And I have almost enough individual tree fences for the figs I plan to plant this winter, outside the fenced area.  Since they did not eat aubergine plants (too spiny), I got to experiment a considerable amount with the king of vegetables - this year I just had the Mallorquin black ones, but ten plants produces a lot of fruit.

In the tree department, all the new pip and stone from slow food did really well, as did the figs.  A few figs sourced elsewhere, mainly because they were cheap, were a mixed bag, some failing to sprout at all.  We even had some fruit from the coll de dama blanca planted last year.  A problem on the lower terrace though: the cyprus trees are proving tough competition for the citrus I planted, sending up roots where the water is.  I know this because my two avocados failed to survive February's freeze and, when I dug them up, there were the cyprus roots.  I also noticed that the citrus seemed to be getting thirsty quicker than in their first year.  Not at all sure what to do with this terrace.  I thinned the cyprusses, which looks better, but don't want to remove them as they look good and block the view of some ugly houses on the Muleta hillside.  As a windbreak they are ridiculous, tagasaste would be much better, but they do look classical.  Will have to think about this one.

Spring

Well, into summer now, temperatures in the high 20s and not a drop of rain since April.  The trees are all doing fine, currently giving the new ones about 60 litres of water every 10 days, the one year olds about 200 litres every 20 days.  This is all very much going by the seat of my pants, probably erring on the side of caution, ie watering more frequently than necessary.  The citrus and avocados I'm doing once a week for all trees.

In April, while I was away, about a dozen sheep had a good go at the place.  They ate all the veg garden, except aubergine and courgette plants, and had a good browse at some of the trees, especially the citrus.  Thanks to help from my neighbour, we got a fence up fairly quickly, which should keep them out (goats would be another matter).  Now trees are mostly recovered, and it's been an interesting experiment in starting the veg garden late using starts.

Ground cover

Here is one kind of ground cover that's almost grass-free, near the newly planted citrus trees. I did nothing to encourage it other than rather trample the area. Bill Mollison emphasises the importance of changing the ground cover vegetation under fruit trees from grass to leguminous and herbaceous plants. I suspect that the grasses of subtropical eastern Australia are even more of a menace than what we have here, but these are hard enough to get rid of. So I haven't tried to get rid of them other than in the dug areas around trees, and instead just seeing what grows where, and pulling the grass up to use as much (before it sets seed).

On the citrus and avocado terrace, vinagrella was present at the start but has colonised some of the dug areas, particularly where there is some shade. I'm not sure what this plant is, but I understand it's introduced from South Africa. Anyway, it can make a lovely grass-free carpet under citrus trees, usually where there is dew such as in the horta de Soller.